popular culture

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M.K.BHAVNAGAR University

Written by:- Dodiya Asha B

                                             Course No:-08

          Email Id :- ashadodiya15@gmail.com

        Enrolment no :- PG15101012

         Topic :- popular culture

 Introduction :-

                       Culture’ is a term which has may connotations cultural is refinement or development of mind tastes, etc. by education, training and experience. ‘Culture’, derives from ‘Cultura’ and ‘colere’ meaning ‘to cultivate’. It also meant ‘to honour’ and ‘project’ by the 19th century in Europe it tastes of the upper class (elite). culture’ is the mode of producing meaning When we discussed about Cultural Studies first we  discussed about the word ‘‘Culture’’. ‘Culture’ has meant before that ‘Culture’ derives from ‘culture’ and ‘colure’, meaning ‘to cultivate’. It also meant ‘to honor’ and ‘protect’. By the nineteenth century in Europe it meant the habits, customs and tastes of the upper classes. At the present time it is define in Cultural Studies as ‘Culture’ is the mode of generating meanings and ideas.

                                                                                                           
                                                                                                       Popular culture:-

                                                                   

                       The term "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier Popular culture is entirely about ideas, perspective attitude, image and other phenomena attitude, image and other phenomena. When we discussed about Cultural Studies first we discussed about the word ‘‘Culture’’. ‘Culture’ has meant before that ‘Culture’ derives from ‘culture’ and ‘colure’, meaning ‘to cultivate’. It also meant ‘to honor’ and ‘protect’ attitude, image and other phenomena. The abbreviated from  “pop” for popular   Popular culture is connected with our society and our everyday life before 1960s popular culture was not studied by academics film studied, women’s studies, pulp fiction, comic book television, popular music, race, gender, class, reshaped and reshaped in popular cultural analyses.

                William Gibson, Bruse sterling, Melissa Scott, pat
cadigan write on science fiction, fantasy, contemporary realism

Popular culture is the entirety of ideas, perspectives attitudes means images and other phenomena. There was a time before the 1960s when popular culture was not studied by academics. When it was, well just popular culture.

                   Generally , Popular culture is considered as the cheap literature- cheap culture. but..Within American studies programs at first and then later in many disciplines including semiotics, rhetoric, literary criticism, films studies, anthropology, history , women studies , ethnic study, and psychoanalytic approaches critic examine such cultural media as pulp fiction, comic books, television, film ,advertising, popular music and computer cyber culture. They assess how such factors as ethnicity, race , gender, class, age, region and sexuality are shaped by the reshaped in popular culture.

Popular culture has four main types to analyze:

“ Why she is popular? “

                   Now a days, Kajal Oza Vaidhya is so popular female writer but also criticize Why? Only because she  is woman and being a woman , she can’t write with such subjects. Still now female doesn’t touch these subjects.

“ Why one man confesses his truth , he is clapped and why woman confesses she is blamed ?”

       According to me, the period of the both writers Chetan Bhagat and Kajal Oza are Transition period and transition period is the most important in cultural studies. She writes many books like…….

1.    “Yoga- Viyoga”

2.    “Draupadi”

3.    “Krishnayana”

4.    “Madhyabindu”

5.    “Dariyo Ek Tarasni”

                I surely say that these are the texts in which readers actually find what they want to read. No doubt, her writing is different from Chetan Bhagat but she write for  all women who are housewives , working women , males also.

                  Popular culture is the culture of masses. Popular culture is the set of practices, artefacts and beliefs and shared by the masses. Cultural studies started to study popular culture and now many disciplines including semiotics, rhetoric, literary criticism, film studies, anthropology, history, women’s studies, ethnic studies, and psychoanalytic approaches, critic examine such cultural media as pulp fiction, comic books, television, film advertising, popular music and computer cyber culture.

                       Popular culture is the accumulated store of cultural products such as music, art, literature, television, film, radio that are consumed primarily by non-elite groups such as the working, lower or middle class.

                    That way, popular culture is ‘true culture’ but not a great culture. With studying popular culture, one can get true and real picture of society.  

                         There are four main types of popular culture analyses:  Production analysis, textual analysis, audience analysis and historical analysis. These analyses seek to get beneath the surface, denotative meanings, and examine more implicit, connotative social meanings.

                     Sometimes, popular culture creates doubt to elite culture. It can so overtake and repackage a literary work that it is impossible to read the original text without reference to the many layers of popular culture that have developed around it  Elite culture is widely studied by critics.

 Elite culture :-

                                    

                  Elite culture is widely studied by  critics.  It is a term that particularly references the cultural tastes of the established aristocracy, the commercial bourgeoisie, educated bureaucrats and political power breakers, and the professions in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.

                        Elite culture is very “high” and “intellectual” culture. It has very closed cultural domains, more omnivorous and not free as popular culture. Elite culture is in very few scales and it has bounded structure.

                          So, academic studies would look at ‘great works of art’ or ‘classical authors’. The taste of the elite culture is also very high and standard. Some examples are classical songs, classical thought provoking intellectual documentary movies, picture and art galleries can be called as examples of elite culture.

popular culture  Vs Elite  culture : Comparison with  example :-

                           

                               Popular culture is a culture for majority and Elite culture is considered and known as ‘high’ or ‘great’, ‘intellectual’ culture. And popular culture is considered as ‘law’ and ‘mass’ culture. Meanings are governed by power relations and elite culture.

                   Elite culture, as known as great, is respected by popular culture. But elite culture rejects and insults popular culture. Non-elite views on life and art are rejected as ‘tasteless’, ‘useless’ or even stupid by elites. For example, hit films are always rejected by some elite critics and they always praise controversial and critical ‘high’ non-popular movies.

                                   But popular culture is very simple and presents human emotion  s and human life as it is, in a simple, understandable way. For example, classical music, philosophical literature, grammar schools, critical analyses, poetry, encyclopedias  are always liked by elites, and they show elite culture, whereas folk music, popular sports, movies, entertainer arts, news papers, novels are examples of popular culture.

                      Popular culture reflects real mentality, true picture of society. Elite culture reflects highness or greatness of that society. So, if we want to study real society and human nature, we should study popular culture and if we want to study goodness and intellectuality, we should study elite culture.

                      For example, majority of society does not read the writing of Rabindranath Tagore or Shakespeare’s plays and these are known as respectable arts. But any critic or elite does not study famous novels of contemporary writer seriously as considering these as art and relegating them to the realm of popular culture.

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Hamlet as a revenge play

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2015-2016

Name: - Dodiya Asha .b

Roll no: - 12

SEM: - 1

Title: - Hamlet as a revenge play

Paper no: - 1(The renaissance literature)

Email Id: - ashadodiya15@gmail.com

Submitted:-Maharaja Krishnakumarsingh university Bhavnagar.

Department of English.

Hamlet as a revenge play

Introduction:-

          Shakespeare was a groundbreaking pioneer in his time and wrote plays that were totally different from anything the world had ever seen before. He explored the human spirit and what Big Willy wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1601, and the play tells the story of Prince Hamlet. Hamlet, in particular, has a lot of "most famous" things in it. It is Shakespeare's most line: "To be or not to be, that is the question." If extraterrestrials were to visit Planet Earth, we would probably put a copy of Hamlet in their welcome basket. It's that good. Now, over Here I am going to consider “Hamlet” as a revenge tragedy. Before doing so, I would like to discuss something about Elizabethan era in which the play was written.

                        “Hamlet” as a revenge play :

          During the Elizabethan era the revenge plays were well acclaimed. Most of them were a typical tragedy, a melodrama with so many twists and turns to keep the audience spellbound. Shakespeare has also enriched the field of revenge plays with his “Hamlet”. But Hamlet is certainly a great advance on The Spanish Tragedy. Hamlet is definitely a great example of it as a revenge play quite perfectly. Hamlet is definitely one of the greatest revenge stories ever written and it was all influenced first by Sophocles, Euripides and other Greeks, and that were required for the consummation of a great revenge tragedy.

Characteristics of a revenge play and their application in “Hamlet”:

(1) Such play deals with the theme of murder or some crime to the person of the state.

                     In this reference we can say that the central theme of the play “Hamlet” is revenge to be taken. The play “Hamlet” is built upon the long, tragic conflict between Hamlet and Claudius the play namely exposition, gradual development of the plot, the suspense, climax and the catastrophe of the play is the revenge, especially the revenge for the death of father. It is not the plot. In the play “Hamlet” two of the characters’ fathers are brutishly murdered. The first murdered character is King Hamlet who is supposed to be revenged by his son prince Hamlet. Hamlet and Laertes go to seek revenge for the death of fathers, however they will each use different methods to accomplish their deeds.

So far as the crime to the person of the state is concerned, the king Claudius makes a secret plan to kill Hamlet while Hamlet is in England.     

         

(2)The ghost of the dead appears to tell about the identity of the killer.

                     Generally speaking the ghost is a part of the machinery of the revenge play, and as such the ghost in Hamlet. The ghost is primarily connected with the motif of revenge; and so there thing that nobody will question. The opening scene sets the tune of the whole playa play shrouded in mystery and terror. The ghost does indeed visible appear, but it is a shadowy figure, We can observe the subtle skill of Shakespeare in that the ghost is not made to speak but strides away majestically. It leaves a profound impression upon the night guards. Horatio becomes to our state.” The ghost appears twice in the opening scene, but will vouchsafe no reply to Horatio’s question. The speculation that the ghost invokes Horatio has some bearing upon communicated to Hamlet.

                     In “Hamlet” the Prince of Denmark is urged in very strong terms by the ghost of the dead king to take revenge upon Claudius who has ascended to the throne by foul means, whose guilt The real tension of the play begins as soon as the ghost of the late tells Hamlet about his murder. Hamlet learns that his father's death was no mistake, but it was Hamlet's uncle's take revenge upon Claudius. So, like a typical revenge tragedy, in Hamlet a crime  is committed and for various reasons laws and justice cannot punish the crime "And so I am revenged. That would be scanned: A villain kills my father, and for that, I, his sole son, d this same villain send to heaven;"

                     In this quote, Hamlet states that since he is his father's only son, it is up to him to avenge his murder. This development for Hamlet comes after his encounter with his father.

Plot overview=Major conflict:-

            Hamlet feels a responsibility to avenge his father’s murder by his uncle Claudius but Claudius is now in hamlet would be morally justified in taking revenge on his uncle

                In Hamlet the revenge is of son for the murder of father. Revenge the desire to retaliate for an injury is a powerful natural  and dangerous human emotion.

-         Claudius convinces him that hamlet is to blame for his father’s and sister’s deaths when Horatio and the king receive letters from hamlet indicating that the prince has returned to demark after pirater attacked his ship en route to England audios concocts a plan to use Laertes drier for revenge to secure hamlet’s death

-          

                   Revenge never sleeps as Thomas kyd dramatically demonstrate in his work.

     = Seneca and Thomas kyd revenge tragedy

       The Spanish tragedy and titus and romicaus  are the early

and successful examples of the dramatic use of revenge.Chief feature of revenge play. There is much bloodshed and physical horrors.

Delay in revenge :-

                       Most  interpreters  of hamlet s tart with the assumption that the tragic her has a clear and sacred obligation to kill Claudius and to do so without delay .the Basic question than is why does so much time elapse.

Hamlet had acted prompty  instead of verbalism in which he repeatedly form preastination gestured Polonius,Reasons for his delay. Hamlet the victim of external difficultier.

                        Hamlet the senitimenta dreamer:-

-Leading romantic critics of the late eighteenth and eary nineteenth centuries and gifted in many ways but incapable of positive action.

- Goethe hamlet is a young man of lovely pure and moral nature without the strength of nerve which forms a hero .

- A.W.Schleget – “no firm belief either in himself or in anything else… in the resolution which he so often embracer and always leaves unexecuted his weakness in too apparent.

- chloride hamlet suffers from an “over balance of the contemplative faculty” and like any man thereby. William Hazlitt  in the 20^th century Arthur quiller church “hamlet character is the prevalence of the abstracting and generalizing habit overs the practical.

-  Hamlet the victim of the Oedipus complex Freadin interpretations. Dr. Ernest Jones :- disciple and biographer of signmund freud concisely stated in hamlet and Oedipus it that prince of demark suffered from in Oedipus complex. Mr.Haery Levin:- this ingenious theory “motivates hamlet’s delay by identitying him with Claudius through whom he has vicariously accomplished the oedipal feat of murdering.

 A summary of the play :

                The main lines of the plot of hamlet are clear hamlet prince of Denmark and heir presumptive to the danish throne is grief stricken and plunged into melancholy by the recent death of his father and the “o’erhasty” remarriage of his mother to her late husband ‘s

                  Hamlet is tasked with avenging his father’s horrible and unnatural murder. However, he faces a dilemma: should he believe in the honesty of the ghost? The ghost might be a devil. By nature a thinker and truth-seeker, his first step is to evaluate the truth of the ghost’s command, but this self-examination causes delay. Moreover, his extreme depression at his mother’s detestable remarriage, and the fact that Claudius was elected king, has served to make him sarcastic and disbelieving.

                   A chain of circumstances provides a series of obstacles that Hamlet first has to overcome in order to achieve his revenge. This however, affects Hamlet on a spiritual level, as he accepts that both good and evil exist in the world, and that there is a fitness in performing his duty of revenge. His nobility and balance is at constant war with each other from the beginning to the end of the play. The ethical concerns Hamlet has for Claudius and Gertrude are plain to see, at the time, the church considered marriage to a sister in law tantamount to incest. Hamlet’s ethical concerns surrounding his mother’s sudden remarriage is overtly expressed when Gertrude asks Hamlet at her wedding,

"If it be, why seems it so particular with thee?" Hamlet disputes Gertrude’s charge that he is being hypocritical, "Seems, madam? Nay, it is, I know not ‘seems’…"

                  For him, she is the one who has shown hypocrisy and he does not agree with her ‘seems’  Whereas, Hamlet’s social concerns for Denmark is purely centered around the king and the influence he might have on the rest of the kingdom. Hamlet makes use of an ambiguous pun that depicts his dislike towards Claudius’s insincerity and Claudius’s attempt to polish over what has happened. Hamlet displays clear hostility, "A little more than kin, and less than kind",  Hamlet is more than close in relationship to Claudius an uncle and a ‘father’, but He resents him and has no feelings of liking and kinship for Claudius.

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